Abstract Although women constitute the majority of the Brazilian electorate, they remain underrepresented in party leadership positions, a pattern that the literature attributes in large part to the role of political parties in reproducing these inequalities. This article examines whether a glass ceiling exists in state-level party leadership in Brazil by testing three hypotheses: H1. in parties with stronger electoral performance, the likelihood that women hold leadership positions is lower; H2. more powerful positions have lower female representation; and H3. […]